This is crucial for controlling the reaction rate and direction. Heat is precisely managed through a heat exchange system.

Heating: Steam, heat transfer oil, or other heat transfer medium is introduced into the jacket or coil to transfer heat to the reactants, initiating or sustaining the reaction.

Cooling: Cooling water or chilled brine is circulated into the jacket or coil to remove the heat of reaction in a timely manner and prevent temperature runaway and dangerous side reactions.

Insulation: After reaching the target temperature, the temperature is kept constant at the set value by adjusting the heat transfer medium flow rate to ensure a stable reaction.

For strongly exothermic reactions (such as nitration and polymerization), cooling capacity and control response speed are key design considerations, often requiring a combination of internal coil and jacket to provide sufficient and immediate heat removal.